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A program is a sequence of instructions. A recipe, a musical
score, and a knitting pattern are all programs |
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Applets: - Execute on HTML Browsers - Have severe security restrictions GUI Applications: - Are Interpreted and Executed - Use AWT or JFC GUI widgets - Must have a standard entry point (main) Console Applications: - Simple Standard Text Console - Must have a standard entry point (main) Servlets: - Execute on the server as scripts - need a servlet engine to run Midlets: - Programs that run on mobiles |
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- C language was evolved as a portable operating system
language -Dennis Ritchie (at Bell labs) developed it from B (which came from BCPL) - Originally ran on a DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972 |
| - C++ is an object-oriented extension to C developed by Bjarne Stroustroup early 80's |
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- Sun had an internal corporate research project, Green, in 1991, to develop intelligent consumer devices - Project lead to the language Oak (James Gosling) based on C/C++ - Oak about to be cancelled when WWW came along - Sun saw renamed Oak to Java and saw potential for use on the web - Java formally announced in May '95 - Since then, Java generated huge interest |
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-1995, alpha definitions -1996, Java 1.0 to 1.0.2 -1997, Java 1.1 (Now in 1.1.8) -1998, Java 1.2.betas then Java 2 -1999, Java 1.2 and 1.3 -2002, Java 2 Platform ver 1.4 -2004, Java 2 SE 5.0 + Many additional APIs… |
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Similarities - Terminology |
Differences - Memory Management |
| Era | Dates | Sub-Periods | Introduced |
Goals
aimed |
Problems
faced |
Lessons learned |
| Mastering the Machine |
1956 to 1968 | Batch |
Punch cards and magnetic
tapes, Compilers |
To exploit hardware in
an optimal way |
Extensive compile time, synchronising source and object code | High level languages can perform well |
| Interactive |
Non-volatile random-access storage, Software tools | To reduce the clerical aspects of coding, to eliminate the need for modifying object code | Code and fix approach and spaghetti code | Maintain programs at the source code, rather than at the object code level | ||
| Mastering the process | 1968 to 1982 | Process | Birth of independent Software Industry, Waterfall model of development | To reduce development
risks and to improve quality and productivity |
Planning Development activities | Quality assurance has
to address the entire development process |
| Formal | Formal, design and specification languages, Verifiers and checker tools | To increase the trustworthiness of software and to improve productivity by achieving automation | Communicating formal specifications with user base, Usability | Analysts and designers have to communicate with non-professional users through common language | ||
| Mastering complexity | 1983 to Now | Structured |
PCs, CRTs, Devices, GUIs,Case tools | Maintain programs in the design level |
Synchronising design with code, Scalability,
complexity, maintenance, reusability |
Processes and data do not automatically preserve their interrelationship |
| Object Oriented | Internet, Software Patterns, UML, Frameworks | To reuse at design and
implementation level, modularisation, encapsulation, portability |
Design and Implementation
views have inherent differences |
Increased demands on testing and software understanding, slow and iterative development process |
[1] : Ref: Endres A., History of Software Engineering, Seminar 9635, Schloß Dagstuhl, Conference title: A Synopsis of Software Engineering History - the Industrial Perspective, August 26-30, 1996
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appletviewer |
run applets |
import java.lang.*;
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String argv[] ) {
System.out.println("Hello World!!!");
}
} |
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